Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction

Research shows that one of the most effective ways to meet all learners needs is to differentiate instruction. Many teachers use differentiated instruction strategies because it allows them to engage their students by accommodating each students unique learning style. However, when you have a large group of students, it can be tough to keep up with each child’s individual needs. It takes time to come up with, and implement differentiated activities.  To help keep the workload manageable, teachers have tried a variety of strategies, from tiered assignments to choice boards. Here are a few more teacher-tested teaching strategies to differentiate instruction in your elementary classroom.   Choice Board Choice boards are activities that give students options as to what activities to complete to meet class requirements. A great example of this comes from a third-grade teacher named Mrs. West. Mrs. West uses choice boards with her third-grade students because she feels it is the easiest way to differentiate instruction while keeping her students engaged. While choice boards can be set up in a variety of ways (student interest, ability, learning style, etc.) Mrs. West chooses to set up her choice boards by using the Multiple Intelligence Theory. She sets up the choice board like a tic tac toe board—in each box she writes a different activity and asks her students to choose one activity from each row. The activities vary in content, product, and process. Here is an example of the types of tasks she uses on her students choice board. Choice Board for Multiple Intelligences: Verbal/Linguistic – Write instructions on how to use your favorite gadget.Logical/Mathematical – Design a map of your bedroom.Visual/Spatial –   Create a comic strip.Interpersonal-   Interview a friend or your best friend.Free ChoiceBody-Kinesthetic - Make up a game.Musical – Write a song.Naturalist – Conduct an experiment.Intrapersonal – Write about the future. Learning Menu Learning menus are much like choice boards whereas students have the opportunity to choose which tasks on the menu that they would like to complete. However, the learning menu is unique in that it actually takes the form of a menu. Instead of having a nine square grid with nine unique choices on it, the menu can have an unlimited amount of choices for the students to choose from. You can also set up your menu in a variety of ways, as mentioned above. Here is an example of a spelling homework learning menu: Learning Menu for Homework: (Students choose one from each category)Appetizer - Sort spelling words into categories, choose three spelling words to define, highlight all vowels.Entree - Use all spelling words to write a story, write a poem using five spelling words, write a sentence for each spelling word.Dessert - Write your spelling words in ABC order, Create a word search using at least five words, use a mirror to write your spelling words backward.   Tiered Activities In a tiered activity, all students are working on the same activity, but the activity is differentiated according to ability level. A great example of this type of tiered strategy is in an elementary school classroom where kindergartners are at the reading center.   An easy way to differentiate learning without the students even knowing it  is to have the students play the game, Memory. This game is easy to differentiate because you can have beginning students try to match a letter with its sound, while the more advanced students can try and match a letter to a word. To differentiate this station, all you have to do is have different bags of cards for each level, and direct specific students to which cards they should choose from. To make differentiation invisible, color-code the bags and tell each student which color he/she should choose. Another example of tiered activities is to break the assignment into three sections using varied levels of tasks. Here is an example of a basic tiered activity: Tier One: (Low) - Describe how the character acts.Tier Two: (Middle) - Describe the changes the character went through.Tier Three: (High) - Describe the clues that the author gives about the character. Many elementary school teachers find that this differentiated instructional strategy is an effective way for students to reach the same goals while taking into account each of their students’ individual needs. Adjusting Questions Many teachers find that an effective questioning strategy is to use adjusted questions to help them differentiate instruction in their classroom. The way this strategy works is simple—you use Blooms Taxonomy to develop questions starting with the most basic level, then moving towards the more advanced levels. Students at varying levels are able to answer questions on the same topic, but also at their own level. Here is an example of how teachers can use adjusted questing to differentiate an activity: For this example, the students had to read a paragraph, then answer a question that was tiered to their level. Basic learner - Describe what happened after...Advanced learner - Can you explain why...More Advanced learner - Do you know of another situation where... Flexible Grouping Many teachers who differentiate instruction in their classroom find flexible grouping an effective method of differentiation because it provides students with the opportunity to work with other students who may have a similar learning style, readiness, or interest as them. Depending on the purpose of the lesson, teachers can plan their activities based on a students’ attributes, then use flexible grouping to group students accordingly. The key to making flexible grouping effective is making sure the groups are not static. Its important that teachers continually conduct assessments throughout the year, and move students among the groups as they master their skills. Often time’s teachers tend to group students according to their ability at the beginning of the school year, and then forget to change the groups, or do not think they need to. This is not an effective strategy and will only hinder students from progressing. The Jigsaw The Jigsaw cooperative learning strategy is another effective method to differentiate instruction. In order for this strategy to be effective, students must work together with their classmates to complete an assignment. Heres how to works: Students are divided into small groups and each student is assigned one task. This is where the differentiation comes in—each child within the group is responsible for learning one thing, then bringing the information that they learned back to their group to teach their peers. The teacher can differentiate learning by choosing what, and how, each student in the group will learn the information. Here is an example of what a Jigsaw learning group looks like. Example of a Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Group: Students are divided into groups of five students. Their task is to research Rosa Parks. Each student within the group is given a task that suits their unique learning style. Here is an example. Student 1: Create a fake interview with Rosa Parks and find out about her early life.Student 2: Create a song about the Montgomery bus boycott.Student 3: Write a journal entry about Rosa Parks life as a civil rights pioneer.Student 4: Create a game that tells facts about racial discrimination.Student 5: Create a poster about Rosa Parks legacy and death. In todays elementary schools, classrooms are not taught with a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Differentiated instruction allows for teachers to meet the needs of all learners, while still maintaining high standards and expectations for their students. Whenever you teach a concept in a variety of different modalities, you increase the chances that you will reach each and every student.

The Black And Black British Diaspora - 2184 Words

Critically examine the ways through which the Black British diaspora has been imagined and represented by the theorisations of Paul Gilroy and others. Why does Gilroy (and others) suggest his notion of ‘The Black Atlantic’ as useful for re-imagining black identities? Introduction This essay will analyse the concept of ‘The Black Atlantic’ by sociologist Paul Gilroy. Written almost 20 years ago, it is an important concept which has been celebrated as instrumental in the re-imagining of black culture. Its framework will be examined by referencing its history and exploring some of its influences from other theorists such as Stuart Hall. Following this contextual background, its impact will be discussed on its significance to the black†¦show more content†¦Challenging the taboo between the integration of white and black, it theorised a new modernity of hybridity in culture over the transatlantic space, shaping a new ‘transnational’ concept. Gilroys theory aimed to get rid of the sociological imagination of ‘race’ and instead appreciate the cultural heritage and influence of people. This spawned new arguments, theories and research, which helped to combine areas in a new age of interdisciplinary subjects; influencing the study of sociology, geography, politics, anthropology, art and many other areas. Gilroy specifically shows a very deep connection to music and creativity, demonstrating how these traits make a profound transformation in society. For example, the evolution of music represents how the deep-rooted pain of black culture has mixed with the romanticised white culture in a hybrid form to create something new. This expressed interest focused on a select few avant-garde individuals, who connected to this African transatlantic blackness and these intellectuals inspired his main concepts such as W.E.B. De Bois’ theory of double consciousness , which Gilroy has added as a subtext to his book. Concentrating on his influence on the state of the black british diaspora, Gikandi (2014: 242) believes that ‘Gilroy provided his readers with a paradigm for thinking about cultural relations outside the

Environmental Management Control Systems

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Management Control Systems. Answer: Introduction: Every business organization is different and the decision making process and organizational structure is also different (Shepherd Rudd, 2014). Evaluation of decision making process of any organization is not possible without observing the context of the organization. Contextual variables play a crucial role in organizational decision making process (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Contextual factors encompass the strategies of the organization, organizational culture, policies, environment and risk factors and so on. Optus is second leading Telecommunication Company of Australia. It was founded in 1981.Headquarter of Optus is situated in Sydney, New South Wales (Optus, 2017). It is known for its fixed telephony service, mobile telephone service, internet services, pay television service, data transmission service, strong network service. Optus is renowned for its efficient and powerful service (Palacios-Marqus at a., 2015). The following article discusses about the contextual factors of O ptus and how these factors are affecting the decision making process of Optus managements. Optus is considered as the second largest telecommunication company of Australia. It provides strong mobile and cable network service to its customer. Optus management is well-known for their unique services (Elbanna, Child Dayan, 2013). Although the rise of two tire service providers has given the organization a tough competition, but Optus has set an example in the telecommunication industry of Australia. The success story of Optus reflects the strong organizational structure. According to Allen Lew CEO of Optus, they believe in hard work and innovation (Eitle, DAlessio Stolzenberg, 2014). Optus always maintain a strong relation with their employees and maintain a healthy atmosphere within the organization to boost the employees to participate in establishing a better future for the organization. In this competitive era, it is not easy to survive in the race and beat the rivals. Every organization requires a powerful and efficient leader who can show them the right path. Being on e of a major brand in the telecommunication industry of Australia, Optus possess a large work force and it has strong team of leaders to guide the organization towards the right direction. The leaders are committed towards the organization and they lead the organization to achieve the organizational goal. The leaders of Optus make sure that every employee is aware of organizational objective and structure. Leaders of Optus often play the role of friend, philosopher and guide for their employees. They guide them towards the right direction. The primary objective of Optus is to provide quality service to their consumers. The management of Optus is determined to bring revolution in telecommunication industry. They believe in innovation and singularity. In order to be unique, Optus provide their consumers a mix of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) (Kolling, Wittmann Rushworth, 2014). Optus has a strong organizational structure which helps the management to achieve their organizational objective smoothly. Optus always maintain strong governance within the organization. The management of Optus is responsible for maintaining the organizational culture. Healthy relation with the employees, peaceful work environment, strong and efficient leadership, following a strategy to communicate with the employees are the part of their rich organizational culture. Innovation and unity is the major strengths of Optus. Telecommunication companies of Australia are giving tough competition to each other. Two biggest competitors Optus are Telstra and Vodafone. Every organization is embracing new technologies and strategies to defeat their competitors. They have concentrated on increasing demand of their consumers. They are trying hard to match the expectation level of their consumers. All most all the companies are providing 3G and 4G service and managements of all the telecommunication company claim to cover the ninety nine percent geographic area (Van Iddekinge et al., 2016). In recent time, tow tire service providers are giving tough competition to all the leading telecommunication brand of Australia. It is considered as one of the major challenge for the leading organizations to survive in the world of telecommunication. It has become very tough to beat the two tire service providers in the competition. Modification in the service charges is not possible. It may put a negative impact on the consum ers. Optus must enhance their internal qualities like efficiency, innovation to draw the attention of their consumers and survive in the competition. In spite of being leading telecommunication industry, there are many risks that Optus often faces. Some of them are as follows: In this modern era, technologies are evolving every now and then. This is one of the biggest risks for Optus. The management must be concerned of all the new technologies. They need to realize the importance of embracing new technologies. Telstra and Vodafone are the two major competitors of Optus always give tough challenge to Optus (Pondeville, Swaen De Rong, 2013). These service providers are using all the new techniques to enhance their productivity and increase the market demand for their services. The consecutive growth of these two competitors and rise of two tire service providers is considered as one of the biggest risk for Optus. The business network of Optus is restricted to urban areas only. Due to the lack of proper infrastructure Optus management is unable to reach to their buyers of rural areas. This is one of the major risks for Optus. Another biggest risk is environment. Being a leading telecommunication industry, Optus often faces various environmental challenges. People always blame telecommunication companies for the rapid growth of global warming and acid rain. It can be harmful for the organization (Kuipers et al., 2014). Optus is well known for its fixed telephony services, mobile telephony services, cable television network, internet service, leased line and data transmission. Optus offers a wide range of products and services to its consumers. It has set a unique example by providing a mix of frequency division duplex and time division duplex. Optus provides fixed telephony service to the residential as well as commercial plots. Optus is well known as strong network service provider. Optus has covered Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane by its cable television network. Optus provides both 3G and 4G network to their consumers. The efficient and effective service has made Optus the second largest telecommunication network. Optus provides its retail services by phone, internet and retail shops like Optus World, network communications, Telechoice and so on (Sharma, Mithas Kankanhalli, 2014). Optus preserves a strong infrastructure that helps the management of Optus to perform all the business activities pr operly. Optus possesses their own network infrastructure to give network service to their consumers. Optus plays dual role in providing network service. Optus acts as a direct service provider as well as wholesaler. Optus is considered as the largest satellite wholesaler of Australia. Optus has taken some remarkable steps in to serve the society. Optus is known for its sustainability practices. Optus provide several supports to the community. As a responsible citizen, Optus avoid all kind of unethical practices. They always pay attention to cyber safety issue. They have implemented various strategies to help their consumers to stay safe from any kind of cyber crime. The contextual factors of an organization play a crucial role in decision making (Turner, 2014). Organizational structure of Optus, especially committed leaders influence the growth of the organization. The development of any organization is highly dependent on creating strategy and implementing those strategies within the organization. Leaders of Optus assure that every employee must participate in the growth of the organization and give their best performance to achieve the desired target of the organization. Leaders often communicate with their team members about the change management process and new strategies. They give their employees a strong platform to share their opinion over an issue. Such practices often produce creative ideas for the betterment of the organization and help employees to accept the change easily (Kaplan et al., 2013). Group discussion helps the management of Optus to take efficient and effective decisions and makes easier for the leaders to implement new s trategies. Communication is considered as one of the most efficient tool in modern business world to maintain healthy atmosphere within the organization. Almost all the leading organization follows the method of communication to build a strong relationship with their employees. Such practices of Optus help them to retain employees for long period as it makes the employee feel as an important part of the organization and increases their loyalty towards the organization. Optus always embraces the new and innovative techniques. It helps them to beat their rivals. The adoption of new technologies enhances the productivity of the organization and matches the expectation level of their consumers. Well maintained organizational structure and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives helps the organization to gain reputation in the society and it promotes their brand name among the consumers of network services (Perlaviciute Steg, 2014). As per the pervious discussion, it can be concluded that Optus, being a leading telecommunication strategy possess some unique quality that helps the organization to achieve the organizational target and maintain the bright organizational image among the consumers, such as- active communication with the employees, effective team leaders and determination to achieve the organizational goal, adoption of new and unique technologies to fight against rivals. Optus possess a strong organizational structure and governance within the organization that helps the employees and leaders to avoid any kind unethical practices. Contextual factors of Optus have a great influence in decision making and implementing new strategies. Reference: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Eitle, D., DAlessio, S. J., Stolzenberg, L. (2014). The effect of organizational and environmental factors on police misconduct.Police Quarterly,17(2), 103-126. Elbanna, S., Child, J., Dayan, M. (2013). A model of antecedents and consequences of intuition in strategic decision-making: evidence from Egypt.Long Range Planning,46(1), 149-176. Kaplan, H. C., Froehle, C. M., Cassedy, A., Provost, L. P., Margolis, P. A. (2013). An exploratory analysis of the model for understanding success in quality.Health care management review,38(4), 325-338. Kolling, N., Wittmann, M., Rushworth, M. F. (2014). Multiple neural mechanisms of decision making and their competition under changing risk pressure.Neuron,81(5), 1190-1202. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Optus, S. (2017). Optus.com.au. Palacios-Marqus, D., Soto-Acosta, P., Merig, J. M. (2015). Analyzing the effects of technological, organizational and competition factors on Web knowledge exchange in SMEs.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), 23-32. Perlaviciute, G., Steg, L. (2014). Contextual and psychological factors shaping evaluations and acceptability of energy alternatives: integrated review and research agenda.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,35, 361-381. Pondeville, S., Swaen, V., De Rong, Y. (2013). Environmental management control systems: The role of contextual and strategic factors.Management accounting research,24(4), 317-332. Sharma, R., Mithas, S., Kankanhalli, A. (2014). Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organisations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), 433-441. Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., Patzelt, H. (2015). Thinking about entrepreneurial decision making: Review and research agenda.Journal of management,41(1), 11-46. Shepherd, N. G., Rudd, J. M. (2014). The influence of context on the strategic decision?making process: A review of the literature.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(3), 340-364. Turner, M. E. (2014).Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press. Van Iddekinge, C. H., Lanivich, S. E., Roth, P. L., Junco, E. (2016). Social media for selection? Validity and adverse impact potential of a Facebook-based assessment.Journal of Management,42(7), 1811-1835.

Tracing Loyalty Through the Selected Classics Essay Example For Students

Tracing Loyalty Through the Selected Classics Essay Loyalty is a theme found in many classics. The three classics that are discussed in this paper are _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_, written by an unknown author, _The Odyssey_ by Homer, and _Don Quixote_, written by Miguel de Cervantes. In all three of the masterpieces loyalty can be traced through the characters action and words. Loyalty is evident in the characters behaviors to one another or maybe through a test they endure. In _The Odyssey_, _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_, and _Don Quixote_ loyalty is apparent throughout the story. _The Odyssey_ is believed to have been written by Homer and is infused with loyalty throughout the entire epic story. Odysseus is the most faithful, loving, and loyal husband, to Penelope, that any woman could dream of. Odysseus, in the beginning of his description of the trials and tribulations that he has endured, pledged his eternal loyalty to his ever-faithful wife Penelope. We are mortal weary and sick at heart/ if only now may I see once more/ my hall, my lands, my people before I die! (Homer 7:233-240). Thought Odysseus did lie with the goddess his loyalty to Penelope held true. The Enchantress in her beauty (Homer 7:274) enslaved the grand Odysseus to her will; yet Odysseus in his heart he never gave consent. We will write a custom essay on Tracing Loyalty Through the Selected Classics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (Homer 7:276) The goddess offered Odysseus a choice, the promise that he should be/ immortal, and youthful, all the days to come (Homer 7:275-276) or to continue his long continuous voyage to his queen Penelope. Because Odysseus chose to return to his devoted Penelope instead of gaining immortal life he has provided evidence of his loyalty to Penelope. Another indication of loyalty seen in _The Odyssey_ is in Penelopes fidelity to Odysseus. Penelope waited a long, lingering twenty years for her beloved Odysseus return to Ithaka and into her arms. Penelope proved her loyalty by wearing out her lifetime with desire/ and sorrow, mindful of her lord, good man/ (Homer 18:229-230). Even though the pestering suitors were like vulture swarming in on fresh meat Penelope was able to hold them at bay with her faithful devotion to her mighty Odysseus. In order to do this the cunning and wily Penelope lead them to believe that she would marry one of them only to later let them down. She used the weaving of the funeral shroud for Lord Laertes to keep them under control. So everyday she wove on the loom-/ but every night by torchlight she unwove it; (Homer 1:110-111). Attestation of Penelopes loyalty to Odysseus is the unweaving of the shroud because she did not want to marry one of the suitors and had full confidence in her beloved kings return. The archery test that Penelope purposes is functioning to hold off the suitors, for none are a match for Odysseus, as well as prompting Odysseus to proving himself to her. Upon Penelope, most worn in love and thought, / Athena cast a glance like a gray sea/ lifting her. Now to bring the tough bow out and bring/ the iron blades. Now try those dogs at archery. (Homer 21:1-4). Penelope tests Odysseus to make him prove that it is he before she will trust him. The test of the bedpost that she puts to Odysseus once again proves Penelopes fidelity. Forgive me, dont be angry. I could not/ welcome you with love on sight! (Homer 23:216-217). Penelopes devotion held strong and she would not accept him until he proved himself. Their secret! (Homer 23:206) shared was Odysseuss key to her loyalty and her test. Another hint of loyalty in _The Odyssey_ was the treatment Odysseuss men received from him. Odysseus gave his men his loyalty and to help them to return home he saved them from the lotos eaters. When his men fell in, soon enough, with the lotos eaters, / they became forgetful of their homeland. .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .postImageUrl , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:hover , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:visited , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:active { border:0!important; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:active , .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf465d0d6cfe93992d09a8444099b34bf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism Essay / and he drove them, wailing, to the ships, / and tied them down under their rowing benches (Homer 9:95-103). Odysseus, once again proving his loyalty to his crew members, saved them from Kirke when they were turned into swine. Put heart in me to eat and drink- you may, / .

Learn About Edwin Land, Inventor of the Polaroid Camera

Learn About Edwin Land, Inventor of the Polaroid Camera Before the rise of smartphones with digital cameras  and photo-sharing sites like Instagram,  Edwin Land’s Polaroid camera was the closest thing the world had to instant photography. The Launch of Instant Photography Edwin Land (May 7, 1909–March 1, 1991) was an American inventor, physicist, and avid photograph collector who co-founded the Polaroid Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1937. He is known for inventing a one-step process for developing and printing photographs that revolutionized photography. The Harvard-educated scientist got his groundbreaking idea in 1943 when his young daughter asked why the family camera couldn’t produce a picture immediately. Land returned to his lab inspired by her question and came up with his answer: the Polaroid Instant camera that allowed a photographer to remove a developing print with an image that was ready in about 60 seconds. The first Polaroid camera, the Land Camera, was sold to the public in November 1948. It was an immediate (or should we say instant) hit, providing both novelty and instant gratification. While the resolution of the photos didn’t quite match that of traditional photographs, professional photographers adopted it as a tool for taking test photos as they set up their shots. In the 1960s, Edwin Land’s instant cameras got a more streamlined look when he collaborated with industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss on The Automatic 100 Land Camera and also on the Polaroid Swinger, a black and white model that was designed and priced at under $20 to appeal to average consumers. An intense, passionate researcher who amassed more than 500 patents while at Polaroid, Land’s work was not limited to the camera. Over the years, he became an expert on light polarization technology, which had applications for sunglasses.  He worked on night-vision goggles for the military during World War II and developed a stereoscopic viewing system called the Vectograph that could help detect enemies whether or not they were wearing camouflage. He also participated in the development of the U-2 spy plane. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 and the W.O. Baker Award of the Security Affairs Support Association in 1988. Polaroid’s Patents Are Challenged On October 11, 1985, the Polaroid Corporation won a five-year patent infringement battle against Kodak Corporation, one of the country’s largest patent lawsuits involving photography. The U.S. District Court of Massachusetts found that Polaroid’s patents were valid and infringed. As a result, Kodak was forced to pull out of the instant camera market. In a good faith effort, the company began offering compensation to their customers who owned their cameras but wouldn’t be able to purchase a suitable film for them. New Technology Threatens Polaroid With the rise of digital photography at the start of the 21st century, the fate of the Polaroid camera seemed grim. In 2008, the company announced it would stop making its patented film. However, the Polaroid instant camera remains viable thanks to Florian Kaps, Andrà © Bosman, and Marwan Saba, the founders of The Impossible Project, which raised funds to help create monochromatic and color film for use with Polaroid instant cameras. Land’s Death On March 1, 1991, at the age of 81, Edwin Land died from an undisclosed illness. He had been ill for a couple of years, spending his last few weeks at an undisclosed hospital in his hometown of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Information about the actual cause of his death was never readily available per his family’s wishes, but his gravesite and tombstone can be found in Cambridge at the Mount Auburn Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark and the resting place of many historically significant citizens of the Boston area.

H.W Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

H.W - Assignment Example Secondly, teams at the workplace improve professional relationships, cooperation, and understanding among workers. Consequently, improved quality and quantity of work output enhances organizational success. In addition, teams significantly contribute towards enhancing motivation among employees. Further, they also help in shaping up trust among employees and the top management resulting into better and high productivity. It is imperative for every manager to adopt initiatives that ensure improvements in team performance. The foremost step is to organize for a day trip. Manager should organize for trips in an effort to reward the employees who showed exemplary performance in their past work. Bonding, free interaction, and encouragement take effect. Further, it gives employees break from work. The second way of improving performance is through encouraging informal address. At this point, managers take a break from the norms of formal interaction with the employees and urge them to speak freely (Griffin and Gregory 261). As a result, workers and their bosses share ideas through open communication hence maintaining healthy work relations. Management should also recognize and celebrate performance of identified exemplary employees. The employees who achieve excellence or success in their duties demand appreciation and recognition. Management rewards the employees with either promotion or special packages that motivating workers and inspires the other employees. Managers should encourage group discussion sessions that act as a forum for successful team members to shares their achievement with colleagues. Similarly, the managers may inquire about employees about their views and suggestions. Consequently, the gesture promotes teamwork, employee confidence, value, and a feeling of belonging by all staff members. To ensure effectiveness in the team, manager should conduct activities including employee feedback

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade - Essay Example It is also because of free trade that multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation were formed. Generally, the aim of these formations is to reduce tariffs and to abolish these ultimately in order to remove barriers to free trade. Globalization itself is an offspring of the free trade concept. The objective of globalization is to remove national borders and to have a world economy that is governed not by states but by the abstract laws of the market. However, free trade has been found to have serious flaws too. It may have advantages but its disadvantages are also just as significant. Because of this, the debate on whether it is really good or bad to the economy of a country has been brought to the fore. One camp insists that free trade brings about economic development that would benefit society while the other asserts that it leads to more serious social inequalities and unfair trading pr actices. In order to determine whether it is really beneficial or not, it would be necessary to discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of free trade. By doing so, one can weigh the pros and cons and come up with a conclusion as to whether free trade is generally positive or negative. The Advantages of Free Trade One of the very first points that are often raised regarding the advantage of free trade is related to increased production. In order for a country to trade with others, it is compelled to heighten its production of commodities in which it is specialising in. The premise here is that every country has a comparative advantage. David Ricardo explains that â€Å"a nation was said to possess comparative advantage in those products for which its labour was relatively productive† (Yoffie 1993: 4). If a country has to exchange goods with another it would be compelled to increase its production to equalize the trade. It is through the increase of production that other b enefits and advantages of free trade would follow. Whatever comparative advantage a country may have would be lost though if production is inefficient. One that does not engage in international trade would naturally be less inspired to improve the efficiency of its production. In a world with a free market system though, competition among the traders inevitably becomes intense. Consequently, such competition would prompt the manufacturers or producers not just to enhance the quality of their products but also raise the efficiency of their production. Through better efficiency, more could be produced and less wastage is achieved. If the commodities produced by a particular country are of better quality than those of its competitors, these would gain the advantage in the market. This is obviously good for the economy of the said nation. Improving production efficiency would also prompt technological advances. Apparently, it is only through automation that many types of commodities can be produced in large quantities while raising the level of its quality. With the manufacture of more machines and devices in support of automation, production or the creation of value by a society consequently increases. The two aforementioned advantages of free trade lay the basis for the following other benefits. Free trade is beneficial to the consumers or the buying public in a country that is engaged in it.